Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)

Sumber: http://www.stanfordchildrens.org/en/topic/default?id=down-syndrome-trisomy-21-90-P02356

VERSI BAHASA INGGRIS

What are trisomies?

The term trisomy is used to describe the presence of three chromosomes, rather than the usual matched pair of chromosomes. For example, if a baby is born with three #21 chromosomes, rather than the usual pair, then the baby would be said to have "trisomy 21." Trisomy 21 is also known as Down syndrome. Other examples of trisomy include syndromes like trisomy 18 and trisomy 13. Again, trisomy 18 or trisomy 13 simply means the child has three copies of the #18 chromosome (or of the #13 chromosome) present in each cell of the body, rather than the usual pair.

What is Down syndrome?

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that involves birth defects, intellectual disabilities, characteristic facial features. Additionally, it often involves heart defects, visual and hearing impairments, and other health problems. The severity of all of these problems varies greatly among affected individuals. Down syndrome is one of the most common genetic birth defects, affecting approximately one in about 800 babies. In this country, around 250,000 individuals have Down syndrome. Life expectancy among adults with Down syndrome is about 60 years, though average lifespan varies.

The term Down syndrome comes from Dr. Langdon Down, the doctor who first described the collection of physical symptoms in 1866. It was not until 1959 that the cause of Down syndrome (the presence of an extra #21 chromosome) was identified.

What causes Down syndrome?

Normally in reproduction, the egg cell of the mother and the sperm cell of the father start out with the usual number of 46 chromosomes. The egg and sperm cells both undergo a cell division in which the 46 chromosomes are divided in half, so that both the egg and the sperm cells will have 23 chromosomes each. When a sperm with 23 chromosomes fertilizes an egg with 23 chromosomes, the baby will have a complete set of 46 chromosomes, half from the father and half from the mother.

Sometimes, an error occurs when the 46 chromosomes are being divided in half, and an egg or sperm cell keeps both copies of the #21 chromosome instead of just one copy. If this egg or sperm is fertilized, then the baby will have three copies of the #21 chromosome, which is called trisomy 21, or Down syndrome. The features of Down syndrome are caused by that extra copy of chromosome #21 being in every cell in the body.

Most cases of Down syndrome are caused by trisomy 21. Occasionally, the extra chromosome #21 or a portion of it is attached to another chromosome in the egg or sperm; this may cause "translocation Down syndrome." This is the only form of Down syndrome that may be inherited from a parent. Some parents have a rearrangement called a balanced translocation, in which the #21 chromosome is attached to another chromosome, but it does not affect their own health. Rarely, another form called "mosaic Down syndrome" may occur when an error in cell division happens after fertilization. These individuals have some cells with an extra chromosome #21 (47 chromosomes total), and other cells have the usual number (46 total).

What does a child with Down syndrome look like?

A child with Down syndrome may have eyes that slant upward and small ears that may fold over slightly at the top. The child's mouth may be small, making the tongue appear large. The child's nose also may be small, with a flattened nasal bridge. Some babies with Down syndrome have a short neck and small hands with short fingers. Rather than having three "creases" in the palm of the hand, a child with Down syndrome usually has one single crease that goes straight across the palm, and a second crease that curves down by the thumb. The child or adult with Down syndrome is often short and has unusual looseness of the joints. Most children with Down syndrome will have some, but not all, of these features.

What types of health problems do children with Down syndrome typically have?

• About half of babies with Down syndrome have heart defects. Some defects are minor and may be treated with medications, while others may require surgery. All babies with Down syndrome should be examined by a pediatric cardiologist. This is a doctor who specializes in heart diseases of children. Babies with Down syndrome should also have an echocardiogram. This is a procedure that evaluates the structure and function of the heart by using sound waves recorded on an electronic sensor that produce a moving picture of the heart and heart valves. This exam and test should be done in the first two months of life, so that any heart defects can be treated.
• Some babies with Down syndrome are born with intestinal malformations that require surgery.
• Children with Down syndrome are at increased risk for visual impairment. Common visual problems include crossed eyes, near- or farsightedness, and cataracts. Most visual problems can be improved with glasses, surgery, or other treatments. A pediatric ophthalmologist should be consulted within the first year of life. This is a doctor who specializes in comprehensive eye care and provides examinations, diagnosis, and treatment for a variety of eye disorders.
• Children with Down syndrome may have hearing loss because of fluid in the middle ear, a nerve defect, or both. All children with Down syndrome should have regular vision and hearing examinations so any problems can be treated before they hinder development of language and other skills.
• Children with Down syndrome are at increased risk for thyroid problems and leukemia. They also tend to have many colds, as well as bronchitis and pneumonia. Children with Down syndrome should receive regular medical care, including childhood immunizations. The National Down Syndrome Congress publishes a "Preventive Medicine Checklist" that outlines which checkups and medical tests are recommended at various ages.

How significant is the degree of intellectual disability that accompanies Down syndrome?

The degree of intellectual disability that accompanies Down syndrome varies widely. It ranges from mild to moderate to severe. However, most intellectual disability falls within the mild to moderate range. There is no way to predict the mental development of a child with Down syndrome based on their physical features.

What disabilities does a child with Down syndrome have?

Children with Down syndrome can usually do most things that any young child can do, such as walking, talking, dressing, and being toilet trained. However, they generally do these things later than other children. The exact age that these developmental milestones will be achieved cannot be predicted. However, early intervention programs, beginning in infancy, can help these children achieve their individual potential.

Can a child with Down syndrome go to school?

Yes. There are special programs beginning in the preschool years to help children with Down syndrome develop skills as fully as possible. Along with benefiting from early intervention and special education, many children can be integrated into the regular classroom, to some extent. The outlook for children with Down syndrome is far brighter than it once was. Many will learn to read and write and participate in diverse childhood activities, both at school and in their neighborhoods. While special work programs are designed for adults with Down syndrome, many can hold regular jobs. Today, an increasing number of adults with Down syndrome live semi-independently in community group homes. They take care of themselves, participate in household chores, develop friendships, partake in leisure activities, and work in their communities.

Can people with Down syndrome marry?

Some people with Down syndrome marry. Although there have been rare exceptions, most men with Down syndrome cannot father a child. In any pregnancy, a woman with Down syndrome has a 50/50 chance of conceiving a child with Down syndrome, although many of the pregnancies are miscarried.

How is Down syndrome diagnosed?

Since Down syndrome has such a unique group of characteristics, physicians can sometimes determine whether a baby has Down syndrome simply by physical examination. To confirm the physical findings, a small blood sample can be taken and the chromosomes can be analyzed to determine the presence of extra #21 chromosome material. This information is important in determining the risk in future pregnancies. (Translocation Down syndrome and mosaic Down syndrome have different recurrence risks in future pregnancies).

Chromosomal abnormalities such as Down syndrome can often be diagnosed before birth by analyzing cells in the amniotic fluid or from the placenta. Fetal ultrasound during pregnancy can also give information about the possibility of Down syndrome, but ultrasound is not 100 percent accurate. Many babies with Down syndrome may look the same on ultrasound as those without Down syndrome. A chromosome analysis, whether performed on a blood sample, cells from the amniotic fluid, or placenta, is very accurate.

What are the maternal age risks for Down syndrome?

The mother's age at delivery is the only factor found to be linked to the risk of having a baby with Down syndrome. This risk increases with every year, especially after the mother is 35 years old. However, because younger women are more likely to have babies than older women, most babies with Down syndrome are born to women younger than 35.

The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that all pregnant women, regardless of age, be offered screening for Down syndrome.

What is the risk of having a second child with Down syndrome?

In general, for women who have had one child with Down syndrome, the chance of having another baby with Down syndrome depends on several factors, such as the mother's age. It is important to know that most babies with Down syndrome are born to women under 35. This is because women under 35 have more babies than women over 35. Your physician may refer you to a geneticist or genetic counselor who can explain the results of chromosomal tests in detail, including what the recurrence risks may be in another pregnancy, and what tests are available to diagnose chromosome problems before a baby is born.

Can Down syndrome be cured or prevented?

There is no cure for Down syndrome. Doctors are not certain how to prevent the chromosomal error that causes Down syndrome. To date, there is no reason to believe that a parent could have done anything to cause or prevent the birth of a baby with Down syndrome. However, a recent study suggests that some women who have had a baby with Down syndrome had an abnormality in how their body metabolizes, or processes, the B vitamin folic acid. If confirmed, this finding may provide yet another reason why all women who might become pregnant should take a daily multivitamin containing 400 micrograms of folic acid. This has been shown to reduce the risk for certain birth defects of the brain and spinal cord.

Some people claim that various high-dose vitamins given to children with Down syndrome will improve the mental performance and lessen the degree of intellectual disability. To date, however, no medical studies have proved that this actually works. It is important for new families to talk with their physician, other families, and national Down syndrome support agencies to learn what to expect with Down syndrome and to learn about things that may be helpful in raising a child with Down syndrome.

CONTOH FOTO ANAK DOWN SINDROM JENIS TRISOME-21: